Henry Maudsley on Swedenborg's messianic psychosis.

BACKGROUND Creativity, religiosity and madness have long been thought to be aetiologically interrelated. METHOD Henry Maudsley's little known pathography of the 17th century Swedish philosopher and polymath, Emanuel Swedenborg, was examined. RESULTS Swedenborg developed a messianic psychosis in middle life, considered by Maudsley to be a monomania, possibly due to epilepsy. Many of Swedenborg's contemporaries thought of him, however, as a religious eccentric. Under criticism from Swedenborg's followers, Maudsley avoided further reference to Swedenborg, and the pathography was lost from view. CONCLUSIONS Renewed interest is deserved in the contentious issues of the nature of religiosity and its relationship to psychotic experience.